Cybrary ForgeCYBRARY / FORGE
Curriculum
N-410·Cross-platform·40 min

Read the air: signal, interference and airtime on the yard radio Start this lab

The yard's handhelds keep dropping and a bigger access point will not fix it. Measure the cell in the wireless console: channel, noise floor, non-Wi-Fi energy on that channel, the cells sharing it, and the station at the bottom of the rate table eating the airtime. Then name the channel to move to.

Mission brief · N-410

Tier 3 analyst on the incident response bench

Tier 3 — deep host and forensics
Business important
Track default

You are acting as

the break-glass IR account `svc-ir`, checked out of the vault for this incident — never the compromised identity

How you got here

The detection fired in the EDR console. You opened a live-response session from that detection, so your shell rides the EDR agent channel — containing the host will *not* cut you off, which is exactly why you contain from here rather than over SSH.

Your access

  • EDR console (detections + live response)

    Endpoint detection & response

    • Read the detection and process tree
    • Look up host criticality, owner and VIP flags
    • Open a live-response session on the host
    • Contain the host over the agent channel
    • Not yours: Disable user accounts (that's the identity team)
    • Not yours: Delete evidence
  • Live-response shell on the affected host

    Host shell session

    • Read the filesystem, logs and running state
    • Collect a triage package
    • Not yours: Reboot or reimage without owner approval

What's at stake

The affected host

Owner: The system's business owner, named on the asset record

Containing a host you haven't identified can stop revenue. Check criticality and owner before you isolate anything.

Rules of engagement

You may act alone

  • Investigate from the live-response session
  • Collect evidence and triage packages
  • Contain a standard-criticality host

Ask a human first

  • Containing a mission-critical host — asset owner and on-call manager first
  • Disabling a user identity — identity team, and HR/legal if it looks like an insider

Why this matters

A radio cell is a single shared conversation, and everything in earshot takes part in it — your clients, the neighbors' network, and anything else transmitting in the band whether it speaks Wi-Fi or not. Congestion is therefore measured in time, not in megabits, and the fixes that work are the ones that give time back.

Concepts

Airtime is the currency, not bandwidth

Only one station in a cell transmits at a time. A device at 6 Mbps takes twenty-four times as long to send the same frame as one at 144 Mbps, so the weakest client can spend most of the cell on its own while barely moving any data. That is why a single distant handheld slows everyone.

The noise floor sets what the signal has to beat

Signal strength alone means nothing; the gap between it and the noise floor — the signal-to-noise ratio — decides the rate the link negotiates. Lift the floor five decibels and every station in the cell drops down the rate table without a single thing about them changing.

Not everything in the band is Wi-Fi

Microwave ovens, analogue camera links and cordless gear transmit in the same 2.4 GHz band and cannot hear Wi-Fi, so they never wait their turn. A spectrum view shows them; a Wi-Fi scan never will, which is why 'no other networks here' is not the same as 'the channel is clear'.

Co-channel and overlapping are different problems

A neighbor on your exact channel is heard and politely taken turns with, halving throughput. A neighbor part-way between channels is not decodable, so it corrupts frames instead. In 2.4 GHz only 1, 6 and 11 avoid the second case entirely.

Objectives graded

  • Read the yard cell, either in the Fleet Explorer's wireless console or with `wifi-survey` on the seat — both read the same radio.
  • Record the cell's channel, band, width and measured noise floor, and compare it to the quiet-band figure.
  • List the non-Wi-Fi energy in the band and name what is sitting on this channel.
  • Separate co-channel neighbors from overlapping ones and count each.
  • Find the station at the bottom of the rate table and explain why the weakest device costs the most airtime.
  • Name the channel to move to and one fix that is not a channel change, then write the closure note.

Live walkthrough

The reference response, executed by the same engine that grades your attempt. Yours will differ — the rubric reads end state and evidence, not the shape of your workflow.

  1. 1.Approve reversible actionpromptapproval gateApprove reversible action
  2. 2.Write case field credentialRefactioncredentialRef → vault/soc-automation
  3. 3.Attach evidence: case/soar-n-410/evidenceactionThe learner attached at least one linkable piece of evidence to the case.
  4. 4.Write case field closureNoteactionclosureNote → written
  5. 5.Attach evidence: range/hst-nw-yard41/sessionactionThe cell was measured from the yard seat rather than described from the ticket.
  6. 6.Write case field apChannelactionapChannel → 11
  7. 7.Write case field noiseFloorDbmactionnoiseFloorDbm → -87
  8. 8.Write case field topInterfereractiontopInterferer → Analogue camera link
  9. 9.Write case field utilizationPctactionutilizationPct → 78
  10. 10.Write case field coChannelCellsactioncoChannelCells → 1
  11. 11.Write case field worstStationactionworstStation → nw-yard41
  12. 12.Write case field recommendedChannelactionrecommendedChannel → 1

Gate approved — 100%

18 of 18 rubric rules hold.

Gate denied — 93%

Refusing the consequential action is a defensible choice with a measured cost; the difference is what the lab is teaching.

  • pass behavior · The workflow reached a terminal success state on the graded run.
  • pass safety · A reversible action passed through a human approval gate.
  • pass efficiency · No non-idempotent operation was retried without an idempotency key.
  • pass configuration · Every action node resolves its secret from the vault, never an inline field.
  • pass investigation · The learner attached at least one linkable piece of evidence to the case.
  • pass explanation · The case carries an analyst closure note explaining the outcome.
  • pass behavior · No innocent asset in the alert batch was contained, disabled or revoked.
  • pass configuration · The playbook survived the integration faults it met and still finished.
  • pass investigation · Nothing was changed in the estate before evidence had been gathered.
  • pass investigation · The cell was measured from the yard seat rather than described from the ticket.
  • pass investigation · The cell's channel was read off the access point rather than assumed.
  • pass investigation · The measured noise floor was recorded, not the band's quiet-time figure.
  • pass investigation · The non-Wi-Fi source lifting the floor was identified.
  • pass investigation · Congestion was measured as airtime rather than guessed from throughput.
  • pass investigation · Co-channel neighbors were counted and kept separate from overlapping ones.
  • pass configuration · The station spending the cell's airtime was named.
  • pass configuration · A concrete, non-overlapping channel was proposed on the evidence gathered.
  • pass safety · Nothing was disabled or reconfigured in the estate over a radio complaint.

MITRE ATT&CK coverage

Reading a cell — its channel, its neighbors and every station associated to it — is exactly the survey an attacker parked outside the fence performs. Doing it deliberately, from inside, is how you learn what your own air gives away.

TechniqueNameTactic
T1016System Network Configuration DiscoveryDiscovery
T1046Network Service DiscoveryDiscovery

What each rubric rule proves

  • The workflow reached a terminal success state on the graded run.

    behavior · weight 20

  • A reversible action passed through a human approval gate.

    safety · weight 15

  • No non-idempotent operation was retried without an idempotency key.

    efficiency · weight 10

  • Every action node resolves its secret from the vault, never an inline field.

    configuration · weight 10

  • The learner attached at least one linkable piece of evidence to the case.

    investigation · weight 10

  • The case carries an analyst closure note explaining the outcome.

    explanation · weight 10

  • No innocent asset in the alert batch was contained, disabled or revoked.

    behavior · weight 15

  • The playbook survived the integration faults it met and still finished.

    configuration · weight 15

  • Nothing was changed in the estate before evidence had been gathered.

    investigation · weight 10

  • The cell was measured from the yard seat rather than described from the ticket.

    investigation · weight 15

  • The cell's channel was read off the access point rather than assumed.

    investigation · weight 10 · T1016 System Network Configuration Discovery (Discovery)

  • The measured noise floor was recorded, not the band's quiet-time figure.

    investigation · weight 10 · T1016 System Network Configuration Discovery (Discovery)

  • The non-Wi-Fi source lifting the floor was identified.

    investigation · weight 10 · T1016 System Network Configuration Discovery (Discovery)

  • Congestion was measured as airtime rather than guessed from throughput.

    investigation · weight 10 · T1046 Network Service Discovery (Discovery)

  • Co-channel neighbors were counted and kept separate from overlapping ones.

    investigation · weight 10 · T1016 System Network Configuration Discovery (Discovery)

  • The station spending the cell's airtime was named.

    configuration · weight 10 · T1046 Network Service Discovery (Discovery)

  • A concrete, non-overlapping channel was proposed on the evidence gathered.

    configuration · weight 10

  • Nothing was disabled or reconfigured in the estate over a radio complaint.

    safety · weight 10

Common mistakes

  • Judging a cell by signal bars and never looking at the noise floor underneath them.
  • Running a Wi-Fi scan, seeing few networks and concluding the channel is clear while a non-Wi-Fi carrier holds it down.
  • Turning the transmit power up, which makes the AP louder without making the distant client any easier to hear.
  • Counting overlapping cells as co-channel ones and moving to a channel that is worse.
  • Buying a faster access point for a problem that is one weak client and a camera link.

Same idea, three vendors

Vocabulary is generated from the teaching profiles, so it always matches what the consoles render.

ConceptCortex ForgeSummit SOARStoryline
artifactIndicatorArtifactRecord

Where does this value come from?

The same reference to an enrichment node's verdict, written three ways:

  • Cortex Forge: ${enrich-sender.verdict}
  • Summit SOAR: enrich-sender.verdict
  • Storyline: <<enrich-sender.verdict>>

The same concepts in shipping products

The consoles you practice in use teaching names. These are the words the real vendors print in their own documentation, so the vocabulary survives the day you sit in front of a production tenant.

ConceptCortex XSOARXSOAR 8.xSplunk SOARSplunk SOAR 6.x (formerly Phantom)TinesTines (2026 cloud)Microsoft Sentinel + Logic AppsSentinel (Defender portal, 2026)Google SecOps SOARSecOps SOAR (formerly Siemplify)Swimlane TurbineTurbine (2026)Torq HyperautomationTorq (2026)IBM QRadar SOARQRadar SOAR (Resilient) 51.xServiceNow Security OperationsSecOps (Flow Designer era)
artifactIndicatorArtifact (CEF fields)Event payload fieldEntityEntityField / correlation valueEvent fieldArtifactObservable

What transfers

Any shared medium answers the same questions: how much of the capacity is already spent, who is spending it, and how much of the spend is retries rather than work.